Lowyat.NET: Latest topics by greenwire85

lol wot

greenwire85 — Thu, 23 Jul 2009 15:19:55 +0800

CODE

A simple C-function to send characters is this one:

void UART1_T(unsigned char ch)
{
while((IORD_ALTERA_AVALON_UART_STATUS(UART_BASE) & 0x040) != 0x040)
{;}
IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_UART_TXDATA(UART_BASE,ch);
}

CODE

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
FILE* fp;
char prompt = 0;

fp = fopen("/dev/uart", "r+");

if(fp){
printf("UART open. \n");
}
else{
printf("UART closed. \n");
return 0;
}

fprintf(fp, "UART\n");
while(prompt != 'v'){
prompt = getc(fp);
printf("[%c] \n", prompt);
}
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}

CODE

/* A simple program that recognizes the characters 't' and 'v' */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char* msg = "Detected the character 't'.\n";
FILE* fp;
char prompt = 0;
fp = fopen ("/dev/uart1", "r+"); //Open file for reading and writing
if (fp)
{
while (prompt != 'v')
{ // Loop until we receive a 'v'.
prompt = getc(fp); // Get a character from the UART.
if (prompt == 't')
{ // Print a message if character is 't'.
fwrite (msg, strlen (msg), 1, fp);
}

CODE

// --------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright (c) 2005 by Terasic Technologies Inc.
// --------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Permission:
//
// Terasic grants permission to use and modify this code for use
// in synthesis for all Terasic Development Boards and Altera Development
// Kits made by Terasic. Other use of this code, including the selling
// ,duplication, or modification of any portion is strictly prohibited.
//
// Disclaimer:
//
// This VHDL/Verilog or C/C++ source code is intended as a design reference
// which illustrates how these types of functions can be implemented.
// It is the user's responsibility to verify their design for
// consistency and functionality through the use of formal
// verification methods. Terasic provides no warranty regarding the use
// or functionality of this code.
//
// --------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Terasic Technologies Inc
// 356 Fu-Shin E. Rd Sec. 1. JhuBei City,
// HsinChu County, Taiwan
// 302
//
// web: http://www.terasic.com/
// email: support@terasic.com
//
// --------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Major Functions: DE2 TOP LEVEL
//
// --------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Revision History :
// --------------------------------------------------------------------
// Ver :| Author :| Mod. Date :| Changes Made:
// V1.0 :| Johnny Chen :| 05/08/19 :| Initial Revision
// V1.1 :| Johnny Chen :| 05/11/16 :| Added FLASH Address FL_ADDR[21:20]
// V1.2 :| Johnny Chen :| 05/11/16 :| Fixed ISP1362 INT/DREQ Pin Direction.
// --------------------------------------------------------------------

module project_segClass
(
//////////////////// Clock Input ////////////////////
CLOCK_50, // 50 MHz
//////////////////// Push Button ////////////////////
KEY, // Pushbutton[3:0]
//////////////////////// UART ////////////////////////
UART_TXD, // UART Transmitter
UART_RXD, // UART Receiver
///////////////////// SDRAM Interface ////////////////
DRAM_DQ, // SDRAM Data bus 16 Bits
DRAM_ADDR, // SDRAM Address bus 12 Bits
DRAM_LDQM, // SDRAM Low-byte Data Mask
DRAM_UDQM, // SDRAM High-byte Data Mask
DRAM_WE_N, // SDRAM Write Enable
DRAM_CAS_N, // SDRAM Column Address Strobe
DRAM_RAS_N, // SDRAM Row Address Strobe
DRAM_CS_N, // SDRAM Chip Select
DRAM_BA_0, // SDRAM Bank Address 0
DRAM_BA_1, // SDRAM Bank Address 0
DRAM_CLK, // SDRAM Clock
DRAM_CKE, // SDRAM Clock Enable
//////////////////// LCD Module 16X2 ////////////////
LCD_ON, // LCD Power ON/OFF
LCD_BLON, // LCD Back Light ON/OFF
LCD_RW, // LCD Read/Write Select, 0 = Write, 1 = Read
LCD_EN, // LCD Enable
LCD_RS, // LCD Command/Data Select, 0 = Command, 1 = Data
LCD_DATA, // LCD Data bus 8 bits
//////////////////// USB JTAG link ////////////////////
TDI, // CPLD -> FPGA (data in)
TCK, // CPLD -> FPGA (clk)
TCS, // CPLD -> FPGA (CS)
TDO, // FPGA -> CPLD (data out)

);

//////////////////////// Clock Input ////////////////////////
input CLOCK_50; // 50 MHz
//////////////////////// Push Button ////////////////////////
input [0:0] KEY; // Pushbutton[3:0]
//////////////////////////// UART ////////////////////////////
output UART_TXD; // UART Transmitter
input UART_RXD; // UART Receiver
/////////////////////// SDRAM Interface ////////////////////////
inout [15:0] DRAM_DQ; // SDRAM Data bus 16 Bits
output [11:0] DRAM_ADDR; // SDRAM Address bus 12 Bits
output DRAM_LDQM; // SDRAM Low-byte Data Mask
output DRAM_UDQM; // SDRAM High-byte Data Mask
output DRAM_WE_N; // SDRAM Write Enable
output DRAM_CAS_N; // SDRAM Column Address Strobe
output DRAM_RAS_N; // SDRAM Row Address Strobe
output DRAM_CS_N; // SDRAM Chip Select
output DRAM_BA_0; // SDRAM Bank Address 0
output DRAM_BA_1; // SDRAM Bank Address 0
output DRAM_CLK; // SDRAM Clock
output DRAM_CKE; // SDRAM Clock Enable
//////////////////// LCD Module 16X2 ////////////////////////////
inout [7:0] LCD_DATA; // LCD Data bus 8 bits
output LCD_ON; // LCD Power ON/OFF
output LCD_BLON; // LCD Back Light ON/OFF
output LCD_RW; // LCD Read/Write Select, 0 = Write, 1 = Read
output LCD_EN; // LCD Enable
output LCD_RS; // LCD Command/Data Select, 0 = Command, 1 = Data
//////////////////// USB JTAG link ////////////////////////////
input TDI; // CPLD -> FPGA (data in)
input TCK; // CPLD -> FPGA (clk)
input TCS; // CPLD -> FPGA (CS)
output TDO; // FPGA -> CPLD (data out)

// Turn on all display
assign LCD_ON = 1'b1;
assign LCD_BLON = 1'b1;

// Assign SDRAM clock
//assign DRAM_CLK = CLOCK_50;

wire pll_c1;

nios_system u0 (
//Global signals
.clk(pll_c1),
.reset_n(KEY[0]),

// the_lcd
.LCD_E_from_the_lcd(LCD_EN),
.LCD_RS_from_the_lcd(LCD_RS),
.LCD_RW_from_the_lcd(LCD_RW),
.LCD_data_to_and_from_the_lcd(LCD_DATA),

// the_sdram_0
.zs_addr_from_the_sdram(DRAM_ADDR),
.zs_ba_from_the_sdram({DRAM_BA_1,DRAM_BA_0}),
.zs_cas_n_from_the_sdram(DRAM_CAS_N),
.zs_cke_from_the_sdram(DRAM_CKE),
.zs_cs_n_from_the_sdram(DRAM_CS_N),
.zs_dq_to_and_from_the_sdram(DRAM_DQ),
.zs_dqm_from_the_sdram({DRAM_UDQM,DRAM_LDQM}),
.zs_ras_n_from_the_sdram(DRAM_RAS_N),
.zs_we_n_from_the_sdram(DRAM_WE_N),

// the_uart
.rxd_to_the_uart(UART_RXD),
.txd_from_the_uart(UART_TXD)
);

sdram_pll u1 (
.inclk0(CLOCK_50),
.c0(DRAM_CLK),
.c1(pll_c1)
);

endmodule

CODE

#include "excalibur.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>

#define BYTE unsigned char
#define LEN 4800

int main()

{

unsigned int operation=0;
char c;
int i,j,k,l;
BYTE image1[60][60];
BYTE image2[60][60];
int result1,result2;
BYTE image[LEN]; // array to store characters received from uart
char first = 0, first_bar = 0, second = 0, second_bar = 0, third = 0, third_bar = 0, fourth = 0;
int data_len = 0;
int image_len = 0;
BYTE data[LEN] = {0};
BYTE cryptogram[LEN] = {0};
BYTE cryptogram1[LEN] = {0};
BYTE image_decode[LEN] = {0};
int pad = 0;
int a,p,q; //baru tmbh

np_pio *pio = na_button_pio;
nr_pio_lcdinit(na_lcd_pio);

while(1)
{
nr_pio_lcdwritescreen("WELCOME!!");
nr_delay(3500);

nr_pio_lcdwritescreen("HI...... PLEASE SEND 1st DATA!!");
nr_delay(3500);
nr_pio_showhex(0x01);
nr_delay(3500);

image_len = 4800;
for (i = 0; i < image_len; i++)
{
while ((c = nr_uart_rxchar(nasys_printf_uart)) == -1);
image[i] = c;
}
i = 0;
nr_pio_showhex(i);
nr_delay(500);

// decode image to binary form
// convert from base64 ascii code to binary value
for(i = 0; i < image_len; i++)
{
cryptogram[i] = image[i] - 60;
}
data_len = 0;
for(i = 0; i < image_len; i++)
{
// decode 1st byte
first = cryptogram[i];
first_bar = first << 2;
i++;

// decode 2nd byte
second = cryptogram[i];
second_bar = second & 0x30;
second_bar = second_bar >> 4;
image_decode[data_len] = first_bar | second_bar;
data_len++;
second_bar = second & 0x0f;
second_bar = second_bar << 4;
i++;

// decode 3rd byte
third = cryptogram[i];
third_bar = third & 0x3c;
third_bar = third_bar >> 2;
image_decode[data_len] = second_bar | third_bar;
i++;
data_len++;
third_bar = third & 0x03;
third_bar = third_bar << 6;

// decode 4th byte
fourth = cryptogram[i];
image_decode[data_len] = third_bar | fourth;
data_len++;
}
a=0;
for (i = 0; i < 60; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < 60; j++)
{
image1[j][i] = image_decode[a];
a++;
}
}
//flip_image_array(image1, 60, 60);

nr_pio_showhex(0x02);
nr_delay (1000);

nr_pio_lcdwritescreen("PLEASE SEND 2nd DATA!!");
nr_delay(1000);

image_len = 4800;
for (i = 0; i < image_len; i++)
{
while ((c = nr_uart_rxchar(nasys_printf_uart)) == -1);
image[i] = c;
}
i = 0;
nr_pio_showhex(i);
nr_delay(500);

// decode image to binary form
// convert from base64 ascii code to binary value
for(i = 0; i < image_len; i++)
{
cryptogram[i] = image[i] - 60;
}
data_len = 0;
for(i = 0; i < image_len; i++)
{
// decode 1st byte
first = cryptogram[i];
first_bar = first << 2;
i++;

// decode 2nd byte
second = cryptogram[i];
second_bar = second & 0x30;
second_bar = second_bar >> 4;
image_decode[data_len] = first_bar | second_bar;
data_len++;
second_bar = second & 0x0f;
second_bar = second_bar << 4;
i++;

// decode 3rd byte
third = cryptogram[i];
third_bar = third & 0x3c;
third_bar = third_bar >> 2;
image_decode[data_len] = second_bar | third_bar;
i++;
data_len++;
third_bar = third & 0x03;
third_bar = third_bar << 6;

// decode 4th byte
fourth = cryptogram[i];
image_decode[data_len] = third_bar | fourth;
data_len++;
}
a=0;
for (i = 0; i < 60; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < 60; j++)
{
image2[j][i] = image_decode[a];
a++;
}
}
//flip_image_array(image2, 60 , 60 );

/*COMPARE DATA AND PRINT SCREEN*/

// printf("Tumor Region :\n");

// {

for (k=0; k<60; k++)
{
for (l=0; l<60; l++)
{
result1=image1 [k][l] - image2 [k][l];
// nr_pio_showhex(result1);nr_delay (1000);
result2=image2 [k][l] - image1 [k][l];
// nr_pio_showhex(result2);nr_delay (1000);
if ((result1 )>3)
{
if ((k==20)&&(l==19))
{printf("CASE 1 :\n\n");}
else if ((k==29)&&(l==42))
{printf("CASE 2 :\n\n");}
else if ((k==43)&&(l==18))
{printf("CASE 3 :\n\n");}
else if ((k==19)&&(l==39))
{printf("CASE 4 :\n\n");}
else if ((k==50)&&(l==32))
{printf("CASE 5 :\n\n");}

printf("coordinate : (%03d, %03d), \t",k,l);
printf("normal : %d \t abnormal : %d, \t ", image1 [k][l], image2 [k][l]);
printf("different : %d, \n" , result1);
//nr_pio_showhex(result1);
//nr_delay (1000);
}
else if ((result2 )>3)
{
if ((k==20)&&(l==19))
{printf("CASE 1 :\n\n");}
else if ((k==29)&&(l==42))
{printf("CASE 2 :\n\n");}
else if ((k==43)&&(l==18))
{printf("CASE 3 :\n\n");}
else if ((k==19)&&(l==39))
{printf("CASE 4 :\n\n");}
else if ((k==50)&&(l==32))
{printf("CASE 5 :\n\n");}

printf("coordinate : (%03d, %03d), \t",k,l);
printf("normal : %d \t abnormal : %d, \t ", image1 [k][l], image2 [k][l]);
printf("different : %d, \n" , result2);
//nr_pio_showhex(result2);
//nr_delay (1000);

}
}
}

nr_pio_lcdwritescreen("CLICK TUMOR DETECTION!!");
nr_delay(1500);
nr_pio_showhex(0x03);
nr_delay (1000);

while ((operation = nr_uart_rxchar(nasys_printf_uart)) != 10);

nr_pio_lcdwritescreen("THANKS FOR USING THIS SYSTEM!!");
nr_delay(1000);

nr_pio_showhex(0x04);
nr_delay (500);
}
// }
return 0;
}

CODE

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "system.h"
#include "sys/alt_dma.h"
#include "sys/alt_alarm.h"
#include "sys/alt_cache.h"

#include "sys/alt_dev.h"
#include "priv/alt_file.h"
#include "alt_types.h"

// the dimensions of the graphics display
#define PIX_MAP_WIDTH 640
#define PIX_MAP_HEIGHT 480

// the dimensions for a software cursor
#define CURSOR_WIDTH 16
#define CURSOR_HEIGHT 16

// some common color values, based on RGB565
#define BLACK 0x0000
#define RED 0xf800
#define GREEN 0x07e0
#define BLUE 0x001f
#define WHITE 0xffff

#define READ_BUFFER_SIZE 64

// globally allocate 2 video frame buffers, a main and an alternate
unsigned short main_frame_buffer[PIX_MAP_WIDTH * PIX_MAP_HEIGHT];

// other miscellaneous storage
alt_dma_txchan tx_chan; // tx dma channel descriptor
alt_dma_rxchan rx_chan; // rx dma channel descriptor

// define the structure for the VGA ISR context pointer to use, (interupt service routine)
typedef struct {
volatile unsigned long frame_buffer_base; // all we need to know in the ISR is where the frame buffer is
} vga_dma_done_context;

// prototype definitions
void vga_dma_done(vga_dma_done_context *context);
void print_startup(void);
void clear_screen(void);
void paint_marker(void);

// the main entry point
int main(void)
{
volatile vga_dma_done_context my_isr_context; // interupt service routine context storage
int c; // storage for STDIN character input
int temp;
unsigned short *uncached_buffer;
unsigned char read_buffer[READ_BUFFER_SIZE];
int read_cnt;
int i;
int next_pixel_offset;
alt_u32 last_jtag_tick;
int recent_jtag;
int next_byte_hi_lo;
short next_pixel;

// make the frame buffer pointer uncached
uncached_buffer = (unsigned short *)(alt_remap_uncached( (void *)(main_frame_buffer), (alt_u32)(PIX_MAP_WIDTH * PIX_MAP_HEIGHT)));

// forgive me for this hack but I couldn't figure out a more eligant way to do this
alt_fd_list[STDIN_FILENO].fd_flags |= O_NONBLOCK;

// setup context for video dma isr
my_isr_context.frame_buffer_base = (unsigned long)(main_frame_buffer);

// Start the frame buffer DMA to get a video picture driving out the VGA channel

// open the dma channel for transmitting
tx_chan = alt_dma_txchan_open ("/dev/dma_0");
if (tx_chan == NULL)
{
printf("DMA TX channel failed to open.\n\nExiting\n\n");
return(-1);
}
/*
// open the dma channel for reception
rx_chan = alt_dma_rxchan_open ("/dev/dma_0");
if (rx_chan == NULL)
{
printf("DMA RX channel failed to open.\n\nExiting\n\n");
return(-1);
}
*/
// set dma mode for 32-bit transfers
temp = alt_dma_txchan_ioctl ( tx_chan,
ALT_DMA_SET_MODE_32,
NULL);
if(temp < 0)
{
printf("Error configuring DMA channel - ALT_DMA_SET_MODE_32\n\n Exiting\n\n");
return(-1);
}
// set dma mode for rx streaming
temp = alt_dma_txchan_ioctl ( tx_chan,
ALT_DMA_RX_STREAM_ON,
(void *)(0x0));
if(temp < 0)
{
printf("Error configuring DMA channel - ALT_DMA_RX_STREAM_ON\n\n Exiting\n\n");
return(-1);
}
// queue the dma transfer to copy frame buffer
temp = alt_dma_txchan_send ( tx_chan,
(const void*)(main_frame_buffer),
(( PIX_MAP_WIDTH * PIX_MAP_HEIGHT ) + PIX_MAP_WIDTH) * 2 * 2,
(alt_txchan_done *)(vga_dma_done),
(void*)(&my_isr_context));
if(temp < 0)
{
printf("Error starting DMA channel\n\n Exiting\n\n");
return(-1);
}

// clear the VGA display and print the menu out the STDOUT interface
clear_screen();

// print the menu display out stdout
print_startup();

// initialize the globals for image download
next_pixel_offset = 0;
next_byte_hi_lo = 1;
next_pixel = 0;

recent_jtag = 1;
last_jtag_tick = alt_nticks();

// flush any stale STDIN data
while((c=getchar()) != -1);

// this is the main continous loop for this program it continually polls for
// input on STDIN
while(1)
{
// read stdin
read_cnt = read( STDIN_FILENO, read_buffer, READ_BUFFER_SIZE);

if(read_cnt == -1) // there was no data read
{
// clear this so the next while loop doesn't execute
read_cnt = 0;

// see if we're waiting for JTAG activity to timeout
if(recent_jtag)
{
// after 5 seconds of no JTAG we reset the next_pixel_offset and paint the marker
if(((alt_nticks()) - last_jtag_tick) >= (5 * (alt_ticks_per_second())))
{
paint_marker();
next_pixel_offset = 0;
recent_jtag = 0;
}
}
}
else // there was data read
{
last_jtag_tick = alt_nticks();
recent_jtag = 1;
}

// process the read buffer data
i = 0;
while(read_cnt)
{
if(next_byte_hi_lo) // high byte of short
{
next_pixel = (read_buffer[i] & 0xff) << 8;
next_byte_hi_lo = 0;
}
else // low byte of short
{
next_pixel |= (read_buffer[i] & 0xff);
next_byte_hi_lo = 1;

// write the pixel to the frame buffer
*(uncached_buffer + (next_pixel_offset++)) = next_pixel;

// wrap the pixel offset to the begining when we reach the end
if(next_pixel_offset == (PIX_MAP_WIDTH * PIX_MAP_HEIGHT))
{
next_pixel_offset = 0;
}
}
read_cnt--;
i++;
}
}

printf("End of Program reached.\n\nExiting\n\n"); // technically, we should never get here
return(0);
}

void print_startup(void) // this routine prints the menu out stdout
{
printf("\n\nIMAGE DOWNLOAD DEMO STARTED\n\n");
printf("\
This program is now waiting for binary image data to download thru the JTAG UART\n\
");
fflush(stdout);
}

void clear_screen(void) // this routine clears the main vga buffer RGB color gradients
{
int i;
unsigned short *uncached_buffer;

// make the frame buffer pointer uncached
uncached_buffer = (unsigned short *)(alt_remap_uncached( (void *)(main_frame_buffer), (alt_u32)(PIX_MAP_WIDTH * PIX_MAP_HEIGHT)));

// fill the buffer with a red gradient
for (i=0;i<PIX_MAP_WIDTH*PIX_MAP_HEIGHT;i++)
{
*(uncached_buffer + i) = RED - ((i%32)<<11);
}

// fill the buffer 2/3 with a green gradient
for (i=0;i<PIX_MAP_WIDTH*PIX_MAP_HEIGHT*2/3;i++)
{
*(uncached_buffer + i) = GREEN - ((i%64)<<5);
}

// fill the buffer 1/3 with a blue gradient
for (i=0;i<PIX_MAP_WIDTH*PIX_MAP_HEIGHT/3;i++)
{
*(uncached_buffer + i) = BLUE - ((i%32)<<0);
}
}

void vga_dma_done(vga_dma_done_context *context) // VGA DMA ISR
{
// NOTE: calling alt_dma_txchan_send() at ISR time like we do here is not recommended
// but since this is the only time we call this during normal execution, it's not likely
// to cause any problems. And since this demo doesn't use an OS, it's hard for us to
// make this happen in a timely fashion any other way.

// setup another dma to feed the frame buffer out the vga
alt_dma_txchan_send ( tx_chan,
(const void*)(context->frame_buffer_base),
(PIX_MAP_WIDTH * PIX_MAP_HEIGHT) * 2,
(alt_txchan_done *)(vga_dma_done),
(void*)(context));
}

void paint_marker(void) // this routine paints a multicolor marker on the bottom right of the screen
{
int i;
int end_of_line;
unsigned short *uncached_buffer;

// make the frame buffer pointer uncached
uncached_buffer = (unsigned short *)(alt_remap_uncached( (void *)(main_frame_buffer), (alt_u32)(PIX_MAP_WIDTH * PIX_MAP_HEIGHT)));

end_of_line = (PIX_MAP_WIDTH * PIX_MAP_HEIGHT) - 1;

// draw a white line
for (i=0;i<5;i++)
{
*(uncached_buffer + (end_of_line - i)) = WHITE;
}

end_of_line -= PIX_MAP_WIDTH;

// draw a red line
for (i=0;i<5;i++)
{
*(uncached_buffer + (end_of_line - i)) = RED;
}

end_of_line -= PIX_MAP_WIDTH;

// draw a green line
for (i=0;i<5;i++)
{
*(uncached_buffer + (end_of_line - i)) = GREEN;
}

end_of_line -= PIX_MAP_WIDTH;

// draw a blue line
for (i=0;i<5;i++)
{
*(uncached_buffer + (end_of_line - i)) = BLUE;
}

end_of_line -= PIX_MAP_WIDTH;

// draw a black line
for (i=0;i<5;i++)
{
*(uncached_buffer + (end_of_line - i)) = BLACK;
}

}

CODE

To correct the problem, always follow this rule: use the return code from the read function to determine when you've hit EOF. Here is a revised edition of the same code, this time checking the return code from fgets() to determine when the read fails. The code is exactly the same, except for the loop.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define MYFILE "junk1.txt"

int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
char buf[BUFSIZ] = "Garbage";
int i;

if ((fp = fopen(MYFILE, "r")) == NULL)
{
perror (MYFILE);
return (EXIT_FAILURE);
}

i = 0;

while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fp) != NULL)
{
printf ("Line %4d: %s", i, buf);
i++;
}

fclose(fp);

return(0);
}

CODE

ANSI C

If using ANSI C IO function calls you can set a UART HAL driver to operate in non-blocking mode using fcntl(). To do this you need to reference fcntl.h and unistd.h in your source code. Then you can use fcntl() to set the UART to non-blocking mode. Below is an example that sets the STDIN IO channel to operate in non-blocking mode:

fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);

CODE

I open device uart in non blocking mode:

static int fdterm; // FILEDESCRIPTOR RETURNED BY OPEN
..
fdterm = open("/dev/uart1", O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK | O_NOCTTY);
..

reading is done by

..
res=read(fdterm,uart1_tempbuff,sizeof(uart1_tempbuff)-1);
if(res>0) {
... we have received some bytes
}

CODE

int uart_read(int base, char *ptr, int len, int flags){
int block;
unsigned int status;

block = 1;//!(flags & O_NONBLOCK);
do{
status = IORD_ALTERA_AVALON_UART_STATUS(base);

/* clear any error flags */
IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_UART_STATUS(base, 0);
if (status & ALTERA_AVALON_UART_CONTROL_RRDY_MSK){
ptr[0] = IORD_ALTERA_AVALON_UART_RXDATA(base);
if (!(status & (ALTERA_AVALON_UART_STATUS_PE_MSK |
ALTERA_AVALON_UART_STATUS_FE_MSK))){
return 1;
}
}
}while (block);

return 0;
}

CODE

void
get_weight_from_uart(char * weight)
{
FILE* fp;
char in_char = 0;
int pointer = 0;

fp = fopen ("/dev/RS232", "r+"); //Open file for reading and writing
if (fp ==0)
{
printf("error");
}
if (fp)
{
while (1)
{
in_char = fgetc(fp); // Get a character from the UART.
if ((in_char == '\n') | (in_char == '^') | (in_char == 0))
{
weight[pointer] = 0;
fclose (fp);
return;
}
else
{
weight[pointer++] = in_char;
// weight[pointer] = 0;
// printf(weight);
// delay(1000);
}
}
fclose (fp);
}
// return 0;
}

CODE

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
FILE* fp;
char prompt=0;

fp = fopen("/dev/uart1", "w+");
fprintf(fp,"AT+BTW0021D226A29E[B]\r\n"[/B]);

while(1){
prompt = getc(fp);
printf("%c", prompt);
}
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}

CODE

Hey,

This is a function thats send one byte to the UART

void UART1_T(unsigned char ch)
{
while((IORD_ALTERA_AVALON_UART_STATUS(UART1_BASE) & 0x040) != 0x040){;}
IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_UART_TXDATA(UART1_BASE,ch);
}

You only have to change UART1_BASE address to your UART address that you can find back in your system.h file

Good luck
Regards
Karel

CODE

#include "altera_avalon_uart_regs.h"

void endless_send(void)
{
unsigned char ch;
unsigned int stat;

/* make sure no IRQ enabled */
IOWR(UART_BASE, 3, 0x00);
/* flush any characters sitting in the Rx holding register */
i = IORD(UART_BASE, 0);
i = IORD(UART_BASE, 0);

ch = ' ';
for (;;) {
/* get serial status */
stat = IORD(UART_BASE, 2);
/* check for character Rx */
if (stat & 0x0080) {
/* if character is '1' then reset o/p character back to ' ' */
if (IORD(UART_BASE, 0) == '1') ch = ' ';
}
/* check if able to Tx next character. */
if (stat & 0x0040) {
IOWR(UART_BASE, 1, ch);
/* increment character but keep in printable range */
ch++;
if (ch==0x80) ch = ' ';
}
}
}

CODE

hi
if somebody want to try uart device , i post a simple code that's running
of course it's not complete but i would like to start a common little project
with all people write in this community .

#include "count_binary.h"

int val;
int uart_0;
char buf[255];
alt_u8 counter;
// REGISTER

static void handle_uart_interrupt(void* context,alt_u32 id)
{
val++; //everytime i receive a caracter increment and display on leds
Write_Output(val);
//using this macro automatically bit ready to receive will be resetted
//and ready for a new interrupt when shifter register finish to translate last bit
//in the uart device
buf[counter]=IORD_ALTERA_AVALON_UART_RXDATA(UART_0_BASE);
counter++;
if (counter==6)
{printf("riceived:%s\r ",buf);
counter=0;
}

}

static void Write_Output(alt_u8 val)
{
IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_DATA(PM_OUT_BASE, val);
}

int main(void)
{
int i;
volatile int uart_0;
val=0;

while( 1 )
{

IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_UART_CONTROL(UART_0_BASE, 0x180);
alt_irq_register(UART_0_IRQ,&uart_0,handle_uart_interrupt);

}

return(0);
}

CODE

C Example: Sending "Hello World" through the UART

#define RS232_UART_RX ((volatile char*) 0xff1000)
#define RS232_UART_TX ((volatile char*) (0xff1000+4))
#define RS232_UART_STATUS ((volatile char*) (0xff1000+8))

int main()
{
unsigned char hwld[] = {'H','e','l','l','o',' ','W','o','r','l','d','\0'};
unsigned char *pOutput;

pOutput = hwld;
while(*pOutput) //strings in C are zero terminated
{
//if room in output buffer
if((*RS232_UART_STATUS )&0x40 )
{
//then write the next character
*RS232_UART_TX = (*pOutput++);
}
}
}

guys what part time work can i work

greenwire85 — Sun, 12 Jul 2009 02:00:23 +0800

please help me... need money... please

i will revenge whomever posted sarcastically

where can i buy the Guy Fawkes mask..

greenwire85 — Sat, 11 Jul 2009 07:50:24 +0800

CODE

01: /*
02: * PIO test
03: *
04: */
05:
06: #include <stdio.h>
07: #include <unistd.h>
08: #include "system.h"
09: #include "altera_avalon_pio_regs.h"
10: #include "sys/alt_irq.h"
11:
12: int n = 0;
13: /* A variable to hold the value of the button pio edge capture register. */
14: volatile int edge_capture;
15:
16: void init_pio();
17:
18: int main()
19: {
20: n = 0;
21: init_pio();
22: while (1) {
23: IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_DATA(PIO_BASE, n);
24: }
25:
26: return 0;
27: }
28:
29: /*******************************************************************
30: * static void handle_button_interrupts( void* context, alt_u32 id)*
31: * *
32: * Handle interrupts from the buttons. *
33: * This interrupt event is triggered by a button/switch press. *
34: * This handler sets *context to the value read from the button *
35: * edge capture register. The button edge capture register *
36: * is then cleared and normal program execution resumes. *
37: * The value stored in *context is used to control program flow *
38: * in the rest of this program's routines. *
39: ******************************************************************/
40:
41: void handle_button_interrupts(void* context, alt_u32 id)
42: {
43: /* Cast context to edge_capture's type. It is important that this be
44: * declared volatile to avoid unwanted compiler optimization.
45: */
46: volatile int* edge_capture_ptr = (volatile int*) context;
47: /* Store the value in the Button's edge capture register in *context. */
48: *edge_capture_ptr = IORD_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_EDGE_CAP(PIO_BASE);
49: n++;
50: /* Reset the Button's edge capture register. */
51: IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_EDGE_CAP(PIO_BASE, 0);
52: }
53:
54: /* Initialize the pio. */
55:
56: void init_pio()
57: {
58: /* Recast the edge_capture pointer to match the alt_irq_register() function
59: * prototype. */
60: void* edge_capture_ptr = (void*) &edge_capture;
61: /* Enable first four interrupts. */
62: IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_IRQ_MASK(PIO_BASE, 0xf);
63: /* Reset the edge capture register. */
64: IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_EDGE_CAP(PIO_BASE, 0x0);
65: /* Register the interrupt handler. */
66: alt_irq_register( PIO_IRQ, edge_capture_ptr,
67: handle_button_interrupts );
68: }
69:
70:
71: #if defined(MAIN1)
72: int main()
73: {
74: volatile int in, out;
75: while (1)
76: {
77: in = IORD_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_DATA(PIO_BASE);
78: out = in;
79: IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_DATA(PIO_BASE, out);
80: }
81: }
82: #endif

CODE

FILE * lcd;

void handleJTAGInterrupt (void* context, alt_u32 id)
{
unsigned int controlRegister;

controlRegister = IORD_ALTERA_AVALON_JTAG_UART_CONTROL(JTAG_UART_BASE);
fprintf(lcd, "\r%8X", controlRegister);
}

int main (void)
{
IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_JTAG_UART_CONTROL(JTAG_UART_BASE, 0x01); // Active the read interrupt on JTAG
alt_irq_register(JTAG_UART_IRQ, 0, handleJTAGInterrupt); // Register the ISR for JTAG

IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_DATA(LED_PIO_BASE, 0xEE);

lcd = fopen("/dev/lcd", "w"); // Open the LCD device
printf("test\n"); // Display text on computer (Nios II IDE console)

while(1);
}

CODE

C Example

The following code illustrates an ISR that services an interrupt from a button PIO. This example is based on a Nios II system with a 4-bit PIO peripheral connected to push-buttons. An IRQ is generated any time a button is pushed. The ISR code reads the PIO peripheral’s edge-capture register and stores the value to a global variable. The address of the global variable is passed to the ISR via the context pointer. Example: An ISR to Service a Button PIO IRQ

#include "system.h"
#include "altera_avalon_pio_regs.h"
#include "alt_types.h"
static void handle_button_interrupts(void* context, alt_u32 id)
{
/* cast the context pointer to an integer pointer. */
volatile int* edge_capture_ptr = (volatile int*) context;
/*
* Read the edge capture register on the button PIO.
* Store value.
*/
*edge_capture_ptr =
IORD_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_EDGE_CAP(BUTTON_PIO_BASE);
/* Write to the edge capture register to reset it. */
IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_EDGE_CAP(BUTTON_PIO_BASE, 0);
/* reset interrupt capability for the Button PIO. */
IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_IRQ_MASK(BUTTON_PIO_BASE, 0xf);
}

The following code shows an example of the code for the main program that registers the ISR with the HAL.
Example: Registering the Button PIO ISR with the HAL

#include "sys/alt_irq.h"
#include "system.h"
...
/* Declare a global variable to hold the edge capture value. */
volatile int edge_capture;
...

/* Initialize the button_pio. */
static void init_button_pio()
{
/* Recast the edge_capture pointer to match the
alt_irq_register() function prototype. */
void* edge_capture_ptr = (void*) &edge_capture;
/* Enable all 4 button interrupts. */
IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_IRQ_MASK(BUTTON_PIO_BASE, 0xf);
/* Reset the edge capture register. */
IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON_PIO_EDGE_CAP(BUTTON_PIO_BASE, 0x0);
/* Register the ISR. */
alt_irq_register( BUTTON_PIO_IRQ,
edge_capture_ptr,
handle_button_interrupts );
}

Based on this code, the following execution flow is possible:

1. Button is pressed, generating an IRQ.
2. The HAL exception handler is invoked and dispatches the handle_button_interrupts() ISR.
3. handle_button_interrupts() services the interrupt and returns.
4. Normal program operation continues with an updated value of edge_capture.

So Firedauz is really...

greenwire85 — Sat, 11 Jul 2009 01:24:37 +0800

plus he is a lecturer

Gua respect u....

when would we talk like this....

greenwire85 — Fri, 10 Jul 2009 13:00:24 +0800

QUOTE
The Architect - Hello, Neo.

Neo - Who are you?

The Architect - I am the Architect. I created the matrix. I've been waiting for you. You have many questions, and although the process has altered your consciousness, you remain irrevocably human. Ergo, some of my answers you will understand, and some of them you will not. Concordantly, while your first question may be the most pertinent, you may or may not realize it is also irrelevant.

Neo - Why am I here?

The Architect - Your life is the sum of a remainder of an unbalanced equation inherent to the programming of the matrix. You are the eventuality of an anomaly, which despite my sincerest efforts I have been unable to eliminate from what is otherwise a harmony of mathematical precision. While it remains a burden to sedulously avoid it, it is not unexpected, and thus not beyond a measure of control. Which has led you, inexorably, here.

Neo - You haven't answered my question.

The Architect - Quite right. Interesting. That was quicker than the others.

*The responses of the other Ones appear on the monitors: "Others? What others? How many? Answer me!"*
(Neo1980: I don't agree with whoever wrote this, I think that the monitors are showing Neo's possible answers, possible hinting that there are alternatives to his actions and hence the choice issue comes up. Also, the camera zooms in on Neo's current response, showing the choice made.)

The Architect - The matrix is older than you know. I prefer counting from the emergence of one integral anomaly to the emergence of the next, in which case this is the sixth version.

*Again, the responses of the other Ones appear on the monitors: "Five versions? Three? I've been lied too. This is bull****."*

Neo: There are only two possible explanations: either no one told me, or no one knows.

The Architect - Precisely. As you are undoubtedly gathering, the anomaly's systemic, creating fluctuations in even the most simplistic equations.

*Once again, the responses of the other Ones appear on the monitors: "You can't control me! **** you! I'm going to kill you! You can't make me do anything!*

Neo - Choice. The problem is choice.

*The scene cuts to Trinity fighting an agent, and then back to the Architects room*

The Architect - The first matrix I designed was quite naturally perfect, it was a work of art, flawless, sublime. A triumph equaled only by its monumental failure. The inevitability of its doom is as apparent to me now as a consequence of the imperfection inherent in every human being, thus I redesigned it based on your history to more accurately reflect the varying grotesqueries of your nature. However, I was again frustrated by failure. I have since come to understand that the answer eluded me because it required a lesser mind, or perhaps a mind less bound by the parameters of perfection. Thus, the answer was stumbled upon by another, an intuitive program, initially created to investigate certain aspects of the human psyche. If I am the father of the matrix, she would undoubtedly be its mother.

Neo - The Oracle.

The Architect - Please. As I was saying, she stumbled upon a solution whereby nearly 99.9% of all test subjects accepted the program, as long as they were given a choice, even if they were only aware of the choice at a near unconscious level. While this answer functioned, it was obviously fundamentally flawed, thus creating the otherwise contradictory systemic anomaly, that if left unchecked might threaten the system itself. Ergo, those that refused the program, while a minority, if unchecked, would constitute an escalating probability of disaster.

Neo - This is about Zion.

The Architect - You are here because Zion is about to be destroyed. Its every living inhabitant terminated, its entire existence eradicated.

Neo - Bull****.

*The responses of the other Ones appear on the monitors: "Bull****!"*

The Architect - Denial is the most predictable of all human responses. But, rest assured, this will be the sixth time we have destroyed it, and we have become exceedingly efficient at it.

*Scene cuts to Trinity fighting an agent, and then back to the Architects room.*

The Architect - The function of the One is now to return to the source, allowing a temporary dissemination of the code you carry, reinserting the prime program. After which you will be required to select from the matrix 23 individuals, 16 female, 7 male, to rebuild Zion. Failure to comply with this process will result in a cataclysmic system crash killing everyone connected to the matrix, which coupled with the extermination of Zion will ultimately result in the extinction of the entire human race.

Neo - You won't let it happen, you can't. You need human beings to survive.

The Architect - There are levels of survival we are prepared to accept. However, the relevant issue is whether or not you are ready to accept the responsibility for the death of every human being in this world.

*The Architect presses a button on a pen that he is holding, and images of people from all over the matrix appear on the monitors*

The Architect - It is interesting reading your reactions. Your five predecessors were by design based on a similar predication, a contingent affirmation that was meant to create a profound attachment to the rest of your species, facilitating the function of the one. While the others experienced this in a very general way, your experience is far more specific. Vis-a-vis, love.

*Images of Trinity fighting the agent from Neo's dream appear on the monitors*

Neo - Trinity.

The Architect - Apropos, she entered the matrix to save your life at the cost of her own.

Neo - No!

The Architect - Which brings us at last to the moment of truth, wherein the fundamental flaw is ultimately expressed, and the anomaly revealed as both beginning, and end. There are two doors. The door to your right leads to the source, and the salvation of Zion. The door to the left leads back to the matrix, to her, and to the end of your species. As you adequately put, the problem is choice. But we already know what you're going to do, don't we? Already I can see the chain reaction, the chemical precursors that signal the onset of emotion, designed specifically to overwhelm logic, and reason. An emotion that is already blinding you from the simple, and obvious truth: she is going to die, and there is nothing that you can do to stop it.

*Neo walks to the door on his left*

The Architect - Humph. Hope, it is the quintessential human delusion, simultaneously the source of your greatest strength, and your greatest weakness.

Neo - If I were you, I would hope that we don't meet again.

The Architect - We won't.

there are many jokers in kopitiam....

greenwire85 — Fri, 10 Jul 2009 12:01:55 +0800

lol... thank you for your witty yet fast replies....

seriously guys there are some of them who really funneh.....

Found a girl

greenwire85 — Thu, 09 Jul 2009 08:39:57 +0800

otherwise she would be perfect...wat to do...

i mean i want her but i dont want her to be someone she is not either

what would you do today?

greenwire85 — Mon, 06 Jul 2009 03:34:35 +0800

please state what you would be doing today and let see if that is the case at the end of the day.....

me:

meet lecturer

Tecmo Koei CEO to Sony

greenwire85 — Sun, 05 Jul 2009 01:21:21 +0800

Activision's CEO has already gone public with his complaints about the price of the PS3, and it looks he's not alone among industry bigwigs with a bone to pick with Sony, with the CEO of the newly formed Tecmo Koei now coming out and echoing his concerns. Speaking with CVG, Tecmo Koei's Kenji Matsubara says that whenever he speaks about the issue with Sony reps, he asks them to "please cut the price" of the PS3, adding that "from a publisher's point of view we would welcome a price cut for PS3 and we are waiting, definitely." He doesn't quite go so far as pull an Activision and threaten to ditch support for the console if Sony doesn't drop the price, however, although it seems safe to assume that these complains will only grow louder -- at least until Sony actually does cut the price of the PS3, that is.

Spanish club unveil their lowest-profile ‘galactic

greenwire85 — Sun, 05 Jul 2009 01:16:44 +0800

MADRID: Several thousand fans gave new Real Madrid signing Raul Albiol a hearty welcome as the Spanish powerhouse presented their lowest-profile signing of the new “galactico” era on Thursday.

The Spain international, who signed a five-year contract last month after being acquired from Valencia for �15mil (US$21mil), looked overwhelmed by the welcome at Santiago Bernabeu Stadium – two days after 50,000 fans greeted Kaka.

“I don’t have to say that I’m very happy to be here. It comes with great pride to be welcomed like that,” a grinning Albiol said. “I’ll give my maximum. I’ll give all I can so the team can win titles.”

Younger fans packed the north stand after Madrid offered a free tour of the stadium’s museum to children under 14 years to attract more spectators to the presentation.

Madrid have spent �214mil (US$300mil) on players this summer. President Florentino Perez has also signed AC Milan’s Kaka, Manchester United winger Cristiano Ronaldo and Lyon striker Karim Benzema as part of his re-modeling plans along the “galactico” model he created during his first tenure from 2000-06.

“Sharing the locker room with two world renown players is an honour,” Albiol said. “And all the other players, too. I’m very motivated and excited for the season to start.”

The 80,000-capacity stadium is expected to be full for Ronaldo’s presentation on Monday.

The 23-year-old Albiol arrives after five seasons at Valencia, where he scored seven goals in 173 appearances. Albiol, who also spent a season at Getafe, was a regular in helping Valencia win the 2008 Copa del Rey.

Albiol was also a member of Spain’s European Championship-winning team last summer and had just returned from the Confederations Cup in South Africa.

“It’s a responsibility that I’m right to assume,” Albiol said of being a Spanish presence on a team filled with international stars.

Albiol is the first major Spanish signing by Perez, who has vowed to restore Madrid as the world’s most important club following a season marred by off-field problems, with his predecessor Ramon Calderon eventually resigning over a vote-rigging scandal.

“We are building a team that can continue realising all of your dreams,” Perez told the crowd. — AP

Owen joins Red Devils

greenwire85 — Sun, 05 Jul 2009 01:14:01 +0800

MANCHESTER: Michael Owen has joined English champions Manchester United on a two-year contract, the club announced yesterday.

Injury-prone England striker Owen, 29, a free agent after his Newcastle contract expired at the end of last month, underwent a medical at a Manchester hospital yesterday before returning to United’s Carrington training ground to complete the shock deal.

The move came after the only clubs interested in signing the former Liverpool and Real Madrid striker appeared to be Stoke and Hull — both Premier League sides but teams for whom staying up was an achievement in itself.

But United manager Sir Alex Ferguson said signing Owen did not represent a gamble on his part.

“Michael is a world class forward with a proven goalscoring record at the highest level and that has never been in question,” said Ferguson.

“Coming to Manchester United with the expectations that we have is something that Michael will relish.”

It has been reported that Ferguson has signed a pay as you play deal.

Owen, who scored just 10 goals for the Magpies as they were relegated from the Premier League last season, said he’d been as stunned as anyone by United’s interest in him.

“I had just begun to talk to other clubs when out of the blue Sir Alex phoned me on Wednesday, invited me to have breakfast with him next morning during which he told me that he wanted to sign me,” he said.

“I agreed without a moment’s thought. This is a fantastic opportunity for me and I intend to seize it with both hands.” — ASFP

BMW introduces the X1

greenwire85 — Sun, 05 Jul 2009 01:13:03 +0800

BMW has announced details of its X1, with the latest derivative of its X model line-up slated for introduction into the market later in the year.

The five-seat SAV - which will be built in Liepzig, Germany - will be offered in Europe with a choice of one six-cylinder petrol engine and three four-cylinder diesels.

The baby X arrives

From the front, the 4.45m-long X1 retains typical BMW X features with a "three-eye-look" and elevated fog lamps. The kidney grille is upright, the short hood is deeply sculpted and the rear lights are a reinterpretation of the typical BMW L-shape. The wheelhouses are squared and a steeply raked rear window highlights the car�s sporting appeal. The "Hofmeister kick" is also evident at the base of the C-pillar.

Inside, you get an elevated seating position as well as a generous feeling of space, and to underline the functionality of the vehicle, there are a wide range of storage options, including boxes, trays and cup holders on the centre console as well as large open door compartments with integrated holders for bottles.

The rear-seat backrest is adjustable for angle and folds down in a 40/20/40 split, and luggage capacity can be increased from 420l to 1,350l with the rear seats folded down.

Nothing too different here.

The X1's interior can be further enhanced by opting for a new Design package, which sees Sport seats in Oyster Nevada leather, Anthracite headlining and Fineline Wave wood trim, with the Oyster theme continuing to the lower part of the dashboard, all of the centre console and leather piping on the floor mats.

The European range will kick off with the sDrive18d, with rear-wheel drive, as well as the xDrive18d, both powered by a 143bhp 2.0l turbocharged diesel block offering 320Nm of torque.

Next are the sDrive20d and xDrive20d models, powered by the same 2.0l unit but in a higher state of tune, at 177hp and 350Nm from 1,750rpm-3,000rpm. The diesel lineup is topped by the xDrive23d, which offers 204bhp and 400Nm of torque from its twin-turbo 2.0l pot.

Curvier than its siblings.

The sole petrol variant is the xDrive28i, and the 3.0l straight-six-equipped model turns out 255bhp and 310Nm as well as a 6.8sec 0-100kmh time for figures.

Lower down the line, the primary drivetrain choice will be a six-speed manual, and as far as the auto route goes, there's a six-speed Sport tranny in the mix.

Standard safety features include three-point inertia-reel seat belts all round, frontal and side airbags as well as head airbags at the side, adaptive Brake Lights and daytime driving lights.

S.Korea says N.Korea fires 7 missiles

greenwire85 — Sun, 05 Jul 2009 01:09:45 +0800

CODE

S.Korea says N.Korea fires 7 missiles off east coast (Updated)

SEOUL, South Korea (AP): North Korea fired seven ballistic missiles off its eastern coast Saturday, South Korea said, a violation of U.N. resolutions and an apparent message of defiance to the United States on its Independence Day.

The launches, which came two days after North Korea fired four short-range cruise missiles, will likely further escalate tensions in the region as the U.S. tries to muster support for tough enforcement of the latest U.N. Security Council resolution imposed on the communist regime for its May nuclear test.

South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said three missiles were fired early Saturday, a fourth around noon and three more in the afternoon. The Defense Ministry said that the missiles were ballistic and are believed to have flown more than 250 miles (400 kilometers).

"Our military is fully ready to counter any North Korean threats and provocations based on strong South Korea-U.S. combined defense posture," the Joint Chiefs of Staff said in a statement.

South Korea's Yonhap news agency quoted military officials as saying the missiles appeared to be a type of Scud missile. North Korea's Scuds are considered short-range, the South's military said.

But Yonhap also said that it is possible they could have been longer-range Rodong missiles fired a shorter distance.

Scud missiles have a range of up to 300 miles (500 kilometers), which could hit most of South Korea. The Rodong has a range of up to 800 miles (1,300 kilometers), putting most parts of Japan within striking distance.

North Korea is not allowed to fire Scuds, medium-range missiles or long-range missiles. They are banned under U.N. resolutions, including Resolution 1874 passed after North Korea's May 25 nuclear test, that prohibit any launch using ballistic missile technology.

Thursday's launches, on the other hand, did not violate the resolution, according to South Korea's Foreign Ministry. Kim Tae-woo, vice president of the Korea Institute for Defense Analyses, said it was believed North Korea launched cruise missiles Thursday.

Ballistic missiles are guided during their ascent out of the atmosphere but fall freely when they descend. Cruise missiles fly low and straight to their target.

The North has a record of timing missile tests for the U.S. national day, which fell on Saturday.

"The missiles were seen as part of military exercises, but North Korea also appeared to have sent a message to the U.S. through the missile launches," a senior official in South Korea's presidential office said, without elaborating.

The official told The Associated Press that North Korea could fire more missiles in coming days, but said there was little possibility it could fire an intercontinental ballistic missile, as it threatened in April.

He spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak to media. Daniel Pinkston, a Seoul-based analyst for the International Crisis Group think tank, said both political and military reasons were behind the launches.

"I think it's a demonstration of their defiance and rejection of the U.N. Security Council Resolution 1874, for one thing, and to demonstrate their military power capabilities to any potential adversaries," Pinkston said.

He also pointed out that July 4 is not only U.S. Independence Day but also the anniversary of a 1972 joint communique in which the two Koreas agreed to work toward peacefully reunifying their divided peninsula.

During the U.S. Independence Day holiday in 2006, Pyongyang fired a barrage of missiles, including a long-range Taepodong-2 that broke apart and fell into the ocean less than a minute after liftoff. Those launches, which occurred on July 5 in North Korea, also came amid tensions with the U.S. over North Korea's nuclear program.

North Korea's state news agency carried no reports on the launches. But the North had warned ships to stay away from its east coast through July 10 for military exercises - an indication it was planning launches.

The chief of U.S. Naval operations, Adm. Gary Roughead, said Saturday the American military was ready for any North Korean missile tests.

"Our ships and forces here are prepared for the tracking of the missiles and observing the activities that are going on," Roughead said after meeting Japanese military officials in Tokyo before news of the launches.

South Korea and Japan, which are within easy range of North Korean missiles, condemned the launches as a "provocative" act that violates the U.N. resolution.

South Korea "expressed deep regret over the North's continuous behavior that escalates tensions in Northeast Asia by repeatedly defying" the resolution, the Foreign Ministry said in a statement.

In Tokyo, Chief Cabinet Secretary Takeo Kawamura said in a statement that the launch of missiles "is a serious act of provocation against the security of neighboring countries, including Japan, and is against the resolution of the U.N Security Council."

In Beijing, a Foreign Ministry spokesman said he had no immediate comment. China is the North's closest ally.

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greenwire85 — Sat, 04 Jul 2009 23:33:33 +0800

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what is the wheather in japan

greenwire85 — Fri, 03 Jul 2009 16:32:43 +0800

anyone pls help

Which uni do you prefer....?

greenwire85 — Mon, 29 Jun 2009 17:16:06 +0800

Which one is better

greenwire85 — Sun, 08 Mar 2009 19:31:54 +0800

SEED

G2000 blu,

Padini

Which one?

made a bad move with a girl....

greenwire85 — Tue, 03 Mar 2009 02:04:53 +0800

is cool to contact her?