Lowyat.NET: Latest topics by zilole9729

How can i go to Menara Choy Fook On

Thu, 01 Jan 1970 07:30:00 +0800

Scratched Rim

zilole9729 — Mon, 09 Mar 2009 20:31:40 +0800

i just noticed my rim has a "wound" while washing my car just now. its quite bad. that part is now rough.

what to do now? how much will it cost?

tyia.

is this normal?

zilole9729 — Wed, 28 Jan 2009 21:47:30 +0800

is it normal when the headlights become brighter when u accelarate? i noticed it just now. why is it like that?

Boss kit

zilole9729 — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 21:39:06 +0800

hi everyone,

i juz purchased a new steering wheel but still have not fixed it. will fix it tomorrow but b4 that i hope u guys can help me out. i was told that there r two types of boss kits. one is normal one n the other is good one. in what way one is better than the other? how much is a good one n normal one? any brands to look for?

tyvm.

i think i got a fair deal thats y i bought it. if anyone of u interested, let me know. i m not selling for a profit. i know someone trying to clear his stock. thats y i can only get Momo Race.

How to paste an image in post?

zilole9729 — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 18:39:51 +0800

can someone here help me out with this? I want viewers to see the images on the post itself without clicking on to another link. thank u.

ICE Glossary

zilole9729 — Fri, 02 Jan 2009 09:12:23 +0800

I just came across this info and I believe it will help many out there including me. If anyone feels that there is any info that is not correct, please let me know. I will try to edit it.

Happy Icing.

Head Unit

Anti-Theft Protection
A security feature that helps prevent receiver theft. Following are several types of anti-theft protection currently in use:
•Detachable Face - Lets you remove the control panel of your receiver easily, and take it with you when you leave the car. The stereo is useless to thieves without the faceplate, so the temptation to break in your car is greatly reduced. It is also called as Theft Deterrent Faceplate by some manufacturers.
•Security Code - Some receivers give you the option of setting up a security code. This is usually in addition to having a detachable faceplate. The security code is a three or four button combination; usually using the radio preset buttons that has to be entered before the receiver will function.

Auxiliary Input
An input on the face or rear of the receiver that enables you to connect a portable music player (CD, MP3, or cassette) to the receiver. The input jack can be either Mini or RCA.
Generally the AUX-IN jacks are 3.5mm; some receivers have 2.5mm AUX-IN connectors.

CEA-2006 Compliant
This applies to both external amplifiers and the amplifiers within in-dash receivers. CEA-2006 is a standard published by Consumer Electronics Association, on May 28th, 2003. This standard imposes a "Testing & Measurement Methods for Mobile Audio Amplifiers.", a uniform method for determining an amplifier’s RMS power and Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio. Using 14.4 volts, RMS watts are measured into a 4-ohm impedance load at 1 percent Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) plus noise, at a frequency range (for general purpose amplifiers) of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Signal-to-Noise ratio is measured in weighted absolute decibels (dBA) at a reference of 1 watt into 4 ohms.
CEA-2006 allows consumers to be able to compare car amplifiers and receivers on an equal basis. Manufacturers who choose to abide by the new standard are able to stamp their products with the CEA-2006 logo that reads: "Amp Power Standard CEA-2006 Compliant."

CD Text
Some compact discs (CD) contain encoded text data that can include the artist name, disc name, and/or track name. Text-capable receivers can decode and display this information on the readout.

CD-R, CD-RW Compatibility
CD receivers with this capability can play audio CD-Rs and/or CD-RWs as well as prerecorded CDs. Almost all of today's receivers can play CD-R and CD-RW discs.

Changer Controls
Originally, changer controls referred to a receiver's ability to control a same-brand CD changer. Nowadays, the changer control connection on a receiver can be used to add one of any number of peripheral devices. Most stereo brands let you choose from a CD changer, iPod® adapter, USB adapter, Bluetooth™ adapter, and more.

Codec
A codec is a method of compressing and decompressing digitized sound. MP3 , WMA and AAC are examples of different codecs. In the standard CD audio format, one minute of music takes up roughly 10 megabytes. When converted to MP3, that same minute of music takes up only about 1 megabyte. Sony’s “Attrac” format taken even lesser than 1 megabyte.

Crossover (High-Pass Filter)
A built-in high-pass filter allows only frequencies above the crossover point to pass through. This filter may work with the speaker outputs, preamp outputs, or both.

Crossover (Low-Pass Filter)
A built-in low-pass filter allows only low frequencies to pass through. This filter may work with the speaker outputs (very rare), preamp outputs, or both.

Custom Programming
Some changer controller combinations let you specify exactly which tracks will play on a CD. Disc title features let you assign each disc a name that will appear on the in-dash display when that disc is loaded.
Sony's Custom File Plus systems, for example, let you display the titles of all loaded CDs without interrupting playback, and also let you program two separate twelve song sequences.

Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Converter
Your CD receiver uses a D/A (Digital to Analog) converter to convert digital 1s and 0s back into analog audio signals. CDs store audio data in binary, digital form. This digital data is an accurate, noise-free reproduction of recorded signals, but in digital form it doesn't sound like music to your ears.
The D/A converter translates the digital info back into music — that's why it's so important to your CD receiver's performance.

Digital Media Files
Music that has been transformed to be able to store as files, on compact discs or any digital media. A growing number of in-dash CD receivers have the ability to decode and play recordable CDs (CD-Rs and CD-RWs) loaded with MP3, WMA, AAC, or WAV files. A single disc can hold up to ten hours of music. CD receivers nowadays, allow you to navigate through the folders and files on the CD.

Display
•Slot-faced - Conventional Slot-faced receivers are convenient, but their displays are smaller out of necessity.
•Fold-down Face - A fold-down face, on the other hand, hides the CD slot behind the control panel, and allows the receiver to include a larger display for greater legibility. Hiding the slot also increases the unit's reliability by reducing internal exposure to dust and dirt.
•Multicolor Display - A multicolor display improves readability and reduces the amount of time your eyes spend away from the road. Monochrome displays cannot represent different functions with unique colors, so you spend more time trying to decipher the readout.
•Backlight - A backlit display significantly improves visibility under adverse conditions. For example, if the sun is shining on your faceplate, a backlit display is easier to see.

DVD/CD Receivers
These receivers can play CD and DVD movies, and may play DVD audio discs. Some models send the video signal to an outboard backseat monitor for on-the-go viewing, while other models include a built-in screen for stationary viewing. These receivers have digital-to-analog converters that are superior to those found in most regular CD receivers (as DVD decoding usually requires, higher bit D/A converters), so your CDs will usually sound better on a DVD receiver.

Equalizer
A built-in EQ lets you tailor the sound to your listening tastes and sometimes to your vehicle's acoustics. Receivers with built-in EQs will have one or more equalizer "bands" in addition to standard bass and treble controls. These equalizer "bands" usually have fixed center frequencies and bandwidths (although some may be adjustable). Equalizers with 5 bands are popular, though, nowadays, we can see many built-in 7 band equalizers.More sophisticated built-in EQs offer parametric equalization, which allows you to set the amount (in dB) by which a certain frequency band is boosted or cut — and determine the width and/or center frequency of this band. This gives you extremely precise control of the tonal balance in your vehicle.
Note: Equalization is post-processing of output signal. So, raising or lowering of a band extremely can result in distorted or damped frequencies pertaining to that band. If you have to raise or lower a band by more than 3dB, to get to your listening tastes, You are advised to alter the base sound level, instead.

Equalizer Presets
Preset EQ curves are stored tone settings — boosting and cutting different frequencies can make big changes in the way your music sounds. Preset EQ curves are stored in receiver’s built-in memory, and are easily activated. If you listen to a wide variety of music, these presets are useful for making dramatic tonal changes instantly.

FM Mono Sensitivity
This figure tells you how well a CD receiver can pick up FM radio signals. The smaller the number, the greater the ability to pick up weaker stations. Expressed in decibel femtowatts (dBf).

FM Stereo Separation
A measure of the ability of an FM tuner to re-create a vivid stereo effect. Measured in dB (decibels), the higher the figure the better. Frequency ResponseThe range of frequencies, a stereo component can reproduce. It is measured in Hertz (Hz), and a wider range is better.
Humans can perceive sounds from 20 to 20,000 Hz. The lowest note on a bass guitar is about 41 Hz. Most male vocalists have a range between 100 and 500 Hz. Cymbals hit at about 15,000 Hz. Due to advancement in electronics, frequency response of electronic components, nowadays, are very good compared to speakers.

Ground Loop
A ground loop occurs when any piece of equipment or any incoming wire is connected to a different ground or grounds. If the in-dash receiver and amplifier are grounded to different locations, a ground loop may occur. In this situation, the multiple ground paths can, in effect, act as an antenna for interference. The interference is turned into noise, and you hear it in your system.

Intro Scan
Lets you hear the first few seconds of each track on a CD. Hit the button again when you hear the song you're looking for. The scanning feature will stop, and that track will continue playing.

Loudness
Loudness is the quality of a sound that is the primary psychological correlate of physical strength (amplitude). Loudness control in a receiver allows you to boost the lower frequencies in your music for full, rich sound at lower volumes.

MP3
MP3 codec is invented by Fraunhofer IIS research institute. MP3 encoding compresses musical data, enabling users to store many hours of music as computer files. A growing number of in-dash CD receivers have the ability to decode and play recordable CDs (CD-Rs and/or CD-RWs) loaded with MP3 files. Also, portable MP3 players can be used to play these files through a car receiver's auxiliary inputs. For superb sound quality with MP3, do not use bitrates lower than 192 Kbit/s. You might even want to consider using 256 kbit/s and higher although differences are rarely conceivable in that area.

Multi-path Interference
Multi-path interference affects FM radio reception. FM waves travel in a straight line, so, When FM signals bounce off buildings and other large objects, the tuner picks up the same signal more than once, at different times. This creates "echoes" that confuse the tuner by mixing with the original signal.

Peak Power
Peak power handling refers to the maximum amount of power output during a brief musical burst. Some manufacturers display peak power ratings on the face of their products. The RMS power rating is more significant, and is recommended to use it for comparison purposes.
Preamp OutputsJacks on the rear of a CD receiver that allow you to use a standard RCA patch cable to add an external amp. Some receivers have two sets, which help if you plan to add a 4-channel amp or a second amp. Some receivers have three sets, one of which is usually intended to be used for a subwoofer amp.
Some receivers offer a "non-fading" set of preamp outputs. Hook your subwoofer amp to the non-fading outputs, and you can fade the regular speakers front to rear without affecting the sound of the subwoofer.

Preamp Output Voltage
The output voltage of the receiver's preamp outputs. Higher preamp output voltage can mean cleaner sound (better noise resistance) and higher output from your amp.

RMS Power
The amount of continuous power, measured in watts that an amplifier produces is called Root Mean Square (RMS) power. The higher the RMS figure, the louder and cleaner your music sounds.

Random Play
Mixes up the order of songs during playback. It is also called as “shuffle”. Some CD players offer a "Random Play with Delete" feature that prevents a song from being repeated once it has been played.
Scan and Seek Tuning
•Preset Scan - lets you push a button and automatically hear a brief sample of what's on each of your preset stations.
•Station Scan - lets you sample each strong station (regardless of whether it's one of your presets) — the sampling continues until you hit the station scan button again.
•Seek tuning - moves to the next strong station and stops there — you must hit the "Seek" button again to repeat the process.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio
A measure of how well a CD player silences background noise. Higher ratings, in decibels (dB), indicate less noise.

Subwoofer Preamp Outputs
RCA output jacks (usually coupled with a built-in low-pass filter) for connection to a subwoofer amplifier.

Time Correction
A processing circuit that compensates for the uneven distances between left and right car speakers and listeners' ears. Time correction delays signals from the closest speaker(s), so that all the sound arrives at your off-center listening position at the same time. This can provide better sound-staging.

Track Repeat
Plays the same track over and over until you turn the feature off.

Travel Presets or Best Tuning Memory (BTM)
Engage this feature and the receiver automatically loads a bank of your presets with the strongest available signals. It makes finding stations easier when you're driving through unfamiliar territory. It also makes loading presets a snap when you first install the receiver or any time your battery runs down or gets disconnected (which wipes out the tuner's preset memory).
Some receivers use a bank or two of your regular station presets for storage; others have dedicated travel presets plus station presets for manual storage.

Tripath
Tripath Technologies is the developer of the Class-T® amplifier design, which combines the low distortion and excellent sound quality of the Class AB design with the efficiency advantages of the Class D design. Tripath uses switching transistors to achieve very high power efficiency (around 90%), low heat production, and compact chassis-size.

Video System Control
Receivers with video system control operate same-brand/compatible video components and play TV sound through your car audio speakers (when video components are connected).

Zero-bit Detector
Some CD receivers feature a circuit that detects periods of no audio signal (a series of zeros in the digital bit stream) and mutes the audio output. You'll hear dead silence until an audio signal is detected again.

Amplifier

Ampere
Ampere is the unit of measure for current or electrical "flow" through a circuit. It is commonly abbreviated as "amp" or “A” and should not be confused with the word "amplifier," which is also commonly abbreviated as "amp.” Current increases with decrease in impedance.

Bridged Power
Some power amplifiers, allow you to combine the power outputs of two channels into one channel. By bridging, you can drive one speaker with more power than the amp could produce for two speakers. Because of this high power output, bridging is an ideal way to drive a single subwoofer.
If your amp is bridgeable, the owner's manual will have directions that tell you how. Usually, an amp is bridged by connecting the speaker leads to the positive (+) terminal from one channel and the negative (-) terminal from the other channel. However, you are advised to consult your owner's manual before attempting to bridge your amp.Most amplifiers need to see a 4-ohm load when bridged to mono operation. This is in other ways, specified as “4-ohm stable”. If you want to bridge your amp, you should use one 4-ohm speaker or, if you prefer multiple woofers, wire two 8-ohm speakers in parallel. (Again, consult your manual before operating your amp in bridged mode.) Some amps are 2-ohm stable, and even 1-ohm stable also.

Bass Boost Circuitry
Increases the output of low frequencies. Usually centered somewhere between 40 and 90 Hz, many amps have variably controlled circuits that allow you to increase the bass level in dB increments (ie. 0-12 dB at 45Hz). Variable bass boosts allow you to adjust the center frequency, changing the character of the bass. Some recent receivers have Bass Boost Circuitry in the head unit’s amplifier.

Built-in Crossovers
Crossovers consist of both a high-pass and low-pass filter. A low-pass filter prevents high-frequencies from reaching a subwoofer, by allowing only frequencies below the crossover point to be amplified. A high-pass filter allows only frequencies above the crossover point to be amplified — useful for keeping low bass away from small speakers, so they can play more efficiently. Crossovers are usually listed as variable or selectable. Continuously Variable means the crossover can be freely adjusted to any frequency between the listed end points. Selectable means that you can choose from several preset crossover points.

Capacitor
Capacitors are reservoirs of power. Heavy-duty capacitors act as a buffer zone between your amp and your car's electrical system. They store up a reservoir of power, which can supply the amplifier's peak demands without having to get additional current from the battery, which otherwise would impact badly on car’s battery. All amplifiers have built-in capacitors, though high-performance amps use larger, more effective ones.
External capacitors are recommended when you have high-powered subwoofers. External capacitors connect to the power cable just before it reaches your amplifier.

CEA-2006 Compliant
CEA-2006 is a standard published by Consumer Electronics Association, on May 28th, 2003. This standard imposes a "Testing & Measurement Methods for Mobile Audio Amplifiers.", a uniform method for determining an amplifier’s RMS power and Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio. Using 14.4 volts, RMS watts are measured into a 4-ohm impedance load at 1 percent Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) plus noise, at a frequency range (for general purpose amplifiers) of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Signal-to-Noise ratio is measured in weighted absolute decibels (dBA) at a reference of 1 watt into 4 ohms. This applies to both external amplifiers and the amplifiers within in-dash receivers.
CEA-2006 allows consumers to be able to compare car amplifiers and receivers on an equal basis. Manufacturers who choose to abide by the new standard are able to stamp their products with the CEA-2006 logo that reads: "Amp Power Standard CEA-2006 Compliant."

Class of an Amplifier
Amplifiers are categorized into different classes based on their performance characteristics. Each class determines a specific design employed in the amp circuitry. And each design has different performance characteristics such as, power dissipation (in the form of heat) and distortion characteristics determining the efficiency of an amp.
•Class A amplifiers are desirable for the high quality of their sound but inefficient and runs very hot. This is because even when there is no audio signal, the output transistor(s) always have current running through them. The current flowing through the output transistor(s) (with no audio signal) causes the amp to heat up unnecessarily, and "waste" input energy. Most car amplifiers that boast "Class A" circuitry are really Class A/Class AB hybrids.
•Class AB amplifiers are most commonly available amp design. They allow current to run through the output transistors when there is no audio signal, but at a much lower level. A class AB amplifier runs cooler, and therefore, more efficiently than a class A, with low distortion and high reliability.
•Class D amplifiers boast higher efficiency, produce less heat, and draw less current than traditional Class AB designs. They use output transistors as switches to control power distribution — the transistors "turn off" when there is too much voltage across them. Class D amplifiers produce higher distortion than AB designs due to the high-speed switching on and off of the transistors, but this distortion occurs at high frequencies that are typically removed by a low-pass filter.
•Class T amplifiers are bit expensive and provide the sort of sonic advantages of conventional Class AB designs, combined with the high power efficiency and low heat production of a Class D design. Class T amps are able to generate 2-4 times more power than a comparably-sized Class AB amp.

Clipping
When Clipping occurs in amplifier, it literally cuts off the tops and bottoms of the musical waveforms that it's trying to reproduce. This occurs when your amplifier is asked to deliver more current to a speaker than the amp is capable of doing. This introduces a huge amount of distortion into the output signal. Clipping can be heard as a crunching sound on musical peaks. And more over, in that time, your subwoofer will have to operate at its peak power handling ratings.

Crossover Point
In high-pass filters, low-pass filters, and crossovers, the crossover point is the frequency at which the level of the output signal has been reduced by 3 dB.

Crossover Slope
Slope is expressed as decibels per octave. Crossover Slope is the rate at which the crossover attenuates the blocked frequencies. A 6dB per octave crossover reduces signal level by 6dB in every octave starting at the crossover point. This means that every time the frequency of the audio signal is changed by a factor of 2 (one octave), the level of the audio signal will change by 6dB.
Suppose, your low-pass filter is set at 80Hz with a 6dB slope, you will see a drop in level of 6dB at 160Hz. With slopes of 12dB and higher, you'll hear little output beyond the crossover point.

Damping Factor
The ability of an amplifier to control the movement of a speaker — the higher the damping factor, the greater the accuracy.
Damping factor = speaker impedance / output impedance of the amplifier. An amplifier's damping factor will decrease as the speaker's impedance decreases.That's why an amp running at 4 ohms will provide tighter bass than at 2 ohms.

Discrete Output Devices
Three basic types of output devices are found in car audio amplifiers: integrated circuits (or IC), bipolar transistors, and Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). An IC cannot pass enough current to work on a more powerful amplifier and is not considered a discrete output device. It is found only on relatively low-wattage (20 watts RMS per channel or less) amplifiers called "bridged transformerless" amps.
Bipolar transistors and MOSFETs are fast enough and can handle enough current to send wattage greater than 20 watts per channel to your speakers. They are found on the output stages of high-powered amplifiers. Both of these types of transistors are considered discrete output devices. Usually there are two per channel, but some amps feature as many as four per channel.

Impedance
Impedance rating is the total opposition to the flow of audio signal in an electrical circuit at a given frequency. It is measured in Ohms. Most car audio elements have 4-Ohms of impedance. Although car audio manufacturers label the impedance of most car speakers and subs at 4-ohms, the impedance of a speaker is actually not a constant. It's actual impedance changes with frequency and can vary greatly. Therefore, though 4-ohms is the standard impedance in car audio, this standard is more of an average impedance for speakers and amplifiers when driven within the part of the audio spectrum for which they are designed. “Nominal Impedance” is the minimal impedance that the amp. Or speaker can handle.

Mono Amplifier
Mono (or monaural) amplifiers are single channel amps, well suited for low-frequency applications since the human ear cannot distinguish stereo in the extreme bass range. Also, since mono amplifiers are stable to 2-ohms, you can connect them safely to two 4-ohm woofers (wired in parallel). These are also called generally as monoblocks.

MOSFET
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors have a higher switching speed than bipolar transistors and generate very little heat. MOSFETs offer fast response and high efficiency.

Ohm
The unit of measurement for impedance or resistance. It tells you how much a device will resist the flow of current. If you take two signals of exactly the same strength and send one to a 4-ohm speaker and the other to an 8-ohm speaker, twice as much current will flow through the 4-ohm speaker. In other words, the 8-ohm speaker will require twice as much power (wattage) to play at the same volume.

Power Handling (RMS)
The maximum continuous sine wave power that can be dissipated by a speaker without failure, measured in watts RMS. Most speakers fail for one of two main reasons:
•A speaker is driven with too much power, beyond its rating, and it overheats.
•The amplifier is driven into clipping, producing square wave distortion that destroys the driver.
Remember that, clipping of an amp, forces the speakers to work at double power!

Preamp output
A preamp output lets you pass the preamp signal to additional amps, and in many cases the internal crossover from the first amp can send a filtered signal, eliminating the need for additional crossovers.

Resistance
Is the opposition to the flow of electrical current. Resistance is measured in Ohms.

RMS Power vs. Peak Power
The amount of continuous power, measured in watts, that an amplifier produces is called RMS power. This is very significant rating one should pay attention to, while buying the amp. The higher the RMS figure, the louder and cleaner your music sounds. Also, keep in mind that some manufacturers calculate the RMS power ratings of their amplifiers at different input voltages. For example, an amplifier rated at 100 watts RMS at 12 volts can produce considerably more power than an amp rated at 100 watts RMS at the more typical 14.4 volts.Stereo manufacturers often display peak power ratings on the face of their products. The peak power rating tells you the maximum wattage an amplifier can deliver as a brief burst during a musical peak, like a dramatic drum accent. The RMS figure is more significant.

RMS Power at 2 ohms
This rating tells you how much more power your amp delivers when a 2-ohm stereo load is presented. You can achieve a 2-ohm load by using parallel wiring of 4 Ohm speakers or by using 2 Ohm speakers.
Theoretically, amp output should exactly double as the impedance drops from the usual 4 ohms to 2 ohms. However, amp makers use different degrees of regulation on power supplies, which can restrict the actual increase in output.Less regulated power supplies come closer to doubling their output into 2-ohm loads. An amp with little regulation can achieve higher wattage into lower impedances. An amp with stiffer regulation maintains rated output from your amp as other electrical accessories demand voltage from the battery.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Measured in decibels (dB), this specification compares the strength of the desired audio signal to the level of background noise. A higher value indicates less background noise.

Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
SPL is measured in dB — an acoustic measurement of sound energy. One dB SPL is the smallest audible difference in sound level. 0dB SPL is the threshold of human hearing, while noise measuring 120dB can damage your hearing. In some countries, the maximum SPL of audio systems are restricted to specific values.

Speaker-level input
Number and type of speaker-level inputs. Speaker inputs let you connect an amp to a receiver that lacks RCA preamp outputs.

Subsonic Filter
A subsonic filter or an infrasonic filter, cuts off extremely low bass (below the range of human hearing) that many speakers cannot effectively reproduce, thereby making the amp's power supply and output devices, and the speaker, more efficient.

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Amount of change in harmonic content of the signal as it is amplified. A lower figure indicates less change and a more accurate amp. THD below 1% is inaudible.

Tripath
Tripath Technologies is the developer of the Class-T® amplifier design, which combines the low distortion and excellent sound quality of the Class AB design with the efficiency advantages of the Class D design. Tripath uses switching transistors to achieve very high power efficiency (around 90%), low heat production, and compact chassis-size.

Tri-Way Output
Also called as Dual Mode, this setup powers a pair of stereo speakers and one subwoofer simultaneously from the outputs of a single 2-channel amplifier. It's an affordable way to drive a subwoofer. It requires an external Tri-Way adapter that is connected in-line between your amplifier and your speakers.

Speakers

Basket
Basket or frame is the structure holding the cone, voice coil and magnet rigidly to preserve the proper alignment. It is important, since the voice coil gaps are very narrow. Two types of baskets are popular: Stamped & Cast brackets. Cast brackets are very rigid but expensive.

Bi-amping
In Bi-amping, the woofer and tweeter of a loudspeaker are driven by separate amplifiers. This provides dedicated and flexible amplification of low-frequency (woofer) & high-frequency (tweeter) signals. With such arrangement you can adjust different amp. gains for woofer & tweeter.

Coaxial speaker
Co-axial speakers are usually 2-way speakers. I contain two driver elements: a woofer, for low notes reproduction and a tweeter mounted inside the woofer, for high frequency sound reproduction.

Component System
Component system, also called as "Seperates", includes 2 woofers, 2 tweeters and 2 crossovers. All these drivers and crossovers are designed to work optimally with one another. The separate drivers design provides the manufacturer with very less or almost no compromise in design. And hence, generally they are made of better materials. You can position the separate tweeters for optimal imaging. Given adequate power, separates deliver exceptional dynamics and detail.

Compression horn
Compression horns are generally used in super tweeters. "Compression" name comes from the type of drivers it is made of. These drivers produce high pressure but little displacement. The diaphragm therefore moves very little, which results in less distortion than a conventional radiating driver.

Crossover
Crossovers are also called as frequency dividing network. They are made of filters, coils & capacitors, and direct specific frequency ranges to appropriate speaker components (woofers, midrange and tweeter). The acoustic behavior of low and high frequency drivers outside their recommended frequency ranges may not add up well, thus resulting in poor frequency response. Crossovers avoid this problem and thus provide proper sound staging. Two generic types of crossovers are available:
•High level passive: Fits between the power amplifier and speakers. This type is widely used in car audio.
•Low level active: Fits before the power amplifier. Expensive and used only in profession concert sound systems.

Decibel (dB)
Decibel is a standard unit of measure for expressing relative power or amplitude differences. With audio, it represents loudness. One dB is the smallest change in loudness most people can detect. A 1 dB difference is barely noticeable, but a 10 dB difference is big — a speaker playing at 10 dB higher volumes will sound roughly twice as loud.For any given set of speakers, each 3 dB increase in volume level requires a doubling of the amplifier power.

Diaphragm
Diaphragm (also known as the cone) is the thin, semi-rigid membrane attached to the central magnet. The magnet induces the diaphragm to vibrate, producing sound. This diaphragm is also found in headphones. In woofer, this is the speaker cone. In a tweeter, it is usually dome shaped.

Dual Cone
A dual cone speaker uses an inexpensive design in which a small "whizzer" cone attached to the center of the woofer reproduces the high frequencies.

Dust cap
The dust cap is a gently curved dome mounted over the central hole of most loudspeaker diaphragms. It prevents the inner mechanics (such as the pole piece and the spider) from getting soiled. Dust caps also contribute to structural integrity to the voice coil assembly.In some speakers, dust cap serves as high frequency radiator.

Efficiency
The efficiency rating for a speaker measures how well a speaker converts watts of electrical power into watts of acoustical power. Efficiency is related to the "Sensitivity" rating, but it is a different measure. Most manufacturers choose to provide sensitivity rather than efficiency. Most speakers have a very low efficiency rating — between 1% and 10%.

Frequency Response
Frequency Response of a device describes its correctness in terms of passing the signal from its input to its output with regard to the signal amplitude & frequency. This tells us the usable range of signal frequencies with this speaker.
Usually, frequency response of woofers will be above 100Hz up to 2 kHz.
Frequency response of Tweeters will be above 2,500 Hz and below 21,000 Hz (or sometimes up to 25 kHz).
Component systems specify the combined frequency response of its tweeter and woofer elements. Usually it will be above 50Hz and up to 25 kHz.Subwoofers have frequency response below, 100 Hz.

Full-range Speakers
These are capable of reproducing both low and high level ranges of frequencies. They accurately reproduce your music's frequency range by mounting a tweeter inside the woofer cone. This is also known as a coaxial or 2-way speaker. Some versions may add midranges or supertweeters to better reproduce other parts of the frequency spectrum. These are also referred to by the number of drivers (3-way, 4-way, etc.). Due to size limitations, Full-range speakers used in car generally don't reproduce very low frequency ranges. For very low frequency range, subwoofers are used.

Imaging
Imaging is a qualitative term used to explain the live sound reinforcement capability of the audio system. Optimal imaging creates a listening experience that seems natural and lifelike. The key to attaining the best possible imaging is to have equal (or as close to equal as possible), unobstructed path lengths between your tweeters and your ears. The ability to mount your tweeter separately, as with components, or in an angled mount, as with some full-range speakers, can improve imaging.

Impedance
Impedance is a measure of the resistance of a speaker's voice coil to the audio current supplied by the amplifier.Strictly speaking, actual impedance of speaker varies considerably with frequency of input audio signal. So, few manufacturers mention impedance ratings at specific frequencies.
Nominal impedance is more dependable rating that tells the minimum impedance the speaker offers to the input load. Most speakers use 4 ohm coils. This rating should be matched with amplifier's output impedance rating.

Magnet
The magnet provides a stationary magnetic field against which the voice coil reacts to create sound. The magnets used in speakers are permanent magnets usually made of ceramic, ferrite, Alnico, or, more recently, rare earth (Neodymium magnet).

Maximum RMS Power Handling
"RMS" is an abbreviation for Root Mean Square. Maximum RMS Power-Handling refers to the maximum amount of power a speaker can handle on a continuous basis. This is the most dependable power rating in speakers.

Midrange Speaker
A midrange speaker reproduces the middle frequencies. Component systems often use separate midranges, as do systems that amplify the low, midrange, and high frequencies separately. Some full-range speakers include a midrange element for better detail. Usually midrange speaker sizes range from 3-1/2" to 6-3/4".
Most component systems are made of: 2 midrange woofers + 2 tweeters+2 crossovers.

Peak Power Handling
Peak power handling refers to the maximum amount of power a speaker can handle during a brief musical burst.

Plate Speaker
Since a round woofer is more accurate than an oval one, Plate speakers feature a separate round woofer and tweeter, mounted side by side on a plate that's designed to replace oval-shaped 4"x6" and 5"x7"/6"x8" speakers. A plate speaker reproduces music more accurately than an oval speaker. However, the woofer cone on a plate speaker is smaller than a similarly-sized oval speaker, so its bass output will usually be slightly lower.

Polarity
The positive and negative terminal connections decide the direction in which the speaker diaphragm moves. Polarity should be checked before connecting the input signals to ensure, proper terminal points. Polarity should be maintained in all the speakers and other elements such as amplifiers & crossovers for the proper working of overall setup. If you wire your speakers improperly, one speaker cone will move backward while another is moving forward, cancelling out much of the sound both speakers are trying to make.

Pole piece
A pole piece concerns the metal piece in a speaker that concentrates and focuses energy from the speaker magnet into creating a magnetic circuit. Because heat can accumulate during this process, many manufacturers vent pole pieces for cooler, more efficient operation.

Power handling
All car speakers require a power source (receiver or amplifier). Power handling rating is usually specified in range. The lower number of a power-handling rating tells the absolute bare minimum wattage required in getting acceptable sound from the speaker, and the higher number tells the maximum amount the speaker can handle for an extended time. For best results, match your power source level (RMS, or continuous watts) to the upper part of the speaker's recommended range (RMS rating).

Resonance
It is vibration of a speaker's cone. All speaker cones vibrate at a certain frequency. Too much resonance can interfere with a speaker's accuracy.

Sensitivity
Sensitivity is the sound level produced by a given input power at a specified distance directly in front of the speaker. A sensitivity rating tells you how effectively a speaker converts power (watts) into volume (decibels). It is specified in dB SPL at one meter in front of the speaker with 1 Watt input signal.Note: An increase of 3dB in sensitivity creates an increase in sound pressure level in front of the speaker that is same as doubling the amplifier power!As many receivers provide usually 22watts (RMS) power per channel, amplifier is recommended for most speakers for better sound.In case, you are not using power amplifier and directly powering the speakers from receiver, speakers with high sensitivity ratings may be chosen for better sound.

Soundstage
The soundstage refers to the sense of width, depth and height your ears' perceive, when you listen to music — just as you would sense the placement of different instruments in a live concert setting. Individual vocal and instrumental "images" make up your system's soundstage. Note that, tweeters are more directional, and are thus provides more sound localization. Hence, the tweeters must be position properly for better soundstage. Subwoofers are least directional.

Spider
The spider is a flexible ring that keeps the voice coil aligned in its gap and secures the rear of the speaker cone to the frame while still allowing the voice coil and the cone to vibrate freely.

Subwoofer
Subwoofer refers to either a woofer, or a complete loudspeaker dedicated to the reproduction of bass audio frequencies, typically from 150 Hz down to 20 Hz. Subwoofer sizes typically measure from 10" to 12". As subwoofers require more power, a power amplifier is always recommended.

Supertweeter
A small driver dedicated to ultra-high-frequency reproduction, usually above 10 kHz. You can usually find supertweeters alongside tweeters in 4- or 5-way full-range speakers. Typically these are either compression drivers or piezoelectric drivers.

Surround
The surround refers to the flexible ring encircling the edge of the woofer cone — it connects the cone to the speaker basket. It must be pliable enough to let the woofer travel freely, yet strong enough to guide and control cone movement. (The further the cone can travel, the stronger the bass.) Surrounds are usually made of cloth, foam, or rubber. Rubber tends to last the longest.

Three-way speaker
Three-way, or triaxial, speakers take the separate woofer and tweeter from a two-way design and add a midrange driver for enhanced warmth and texture. Select three-ways use a supertweeter, instead of a midrange, for extended high-frequency response. Four-ways combine a woofer, a midrange, a tweeter, and a supertweeter for even more detail. In theory, n-way speaker will have 'n' number of drivers.

Tinsel leads
Tinsel leads are flexible, stranded wires that connect the voice coil to the speaker's terminals.

Tweeter
A small driver dedicated to high-frequency reproduction. Cone tweeters are efficient and the most economical. Most home speakers use dome or "edge-driven" tweeters — they disperse sound over a wider area for smoother, more accurate reproduction. Semi-dome (or balanced-dome) tweeters use a combination cone and dome construction for excellent sound clarity and dispersion.
Tweeters are made from a variety of materials — paper, aluminum, titanium, or synthetic films such as polyetherimide (PEI) or Kaladex (polyethylene naphthalate). It's best to listen to a variety of tweeters to determine which one you prefer.

Two-way speaker
Two-way, or coaxial, designs reproduce your music's frequency range accurately. These speakers use a separate tweeter — mounted inside the woofer — to deliver the high-frequencies.

Voice coil
A voice coil (consisting of a bobbin, collar and winding) is the coil of wire attached to the apex of the cone of a loudspeaker. It provides the motive force to the cone by the reaction of a magnetic field to the current passing through it. Many of the speakers on this site offer a heat-resistant voice coil to prolong speaker life.

Woofer
The woofer, a speaker's largest cone, reproduces bass and lower midrange notes. To operate efficiently, a cone should be made of material that is stiff, yet lightweight. Cones made of aluminum, synthetic film (like polypropylene), poly mixed with other materials (like mica), or treated paper provide excellent sound, and stand up to the heat, cold, and moisture that car speakers face on a daily basis.

ICE forums

zilole9729 — Fri, 02 Jan 2009 07:30:40 +0800

as stated above, i know i can get some valuable reviews from u ppl here but maybe i m juz a lil more hardworking to read the reviews n a lil lazy to find these forums. prefer foreign forums in ENGLISH. so anything besides this, zth, ice hifi, mchf n sgsoundsystem... thanx

Allignment & Balancing

zilole9729 — Fri, 02 Jan 2009 07:19:06 +0800

I m gonna do this for my car later. I have been to a few shops n hear 2 different things. some say that must do balancing and allignment for all 4 tires. but some say juz do allignment for the front only. so which is true? i know it cost only a lil extra if i do for all 4 tires. need to clarify this b4 i go later. thanx.

Hand made speakers? Hand made amps?

zilole9729 — Sun, 23 Nov 2008 23:38:51 +0800

Can someone tell me what is this hand made stuff really about? i c ads specifically state that its hand made. why? i suppose its better than the others. but why? what so great in it?

Honda Accord SA6 Restoration

zilole9729 — Mon, 17 Nov 2008 20:23:44 +0800

Can anyone tell me where i can find SA6 dashboard. looked all over seremban n couldnt get 1. dont mind going to KL but definitely not further. pls let me know if u know where to find it. if not SA6 dashboard, wat other dashboard can fit?

I have this 82 1.6 Accord (M) at home. Recently, i found that FC is more than usual. I belif its something to do with tuning. Anyone knows how to DIY tuning? 1st can DIY or not? Pls suggest a shop in Seremban if u guys know. Ty.

SQ or SPL?

zilole9729 — Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:12:50 +0800

Which setup that u r into? What drives u into it?

Castrol Edge Sport 0W/40

zilole9729 — Mon, 10 Nov 2008 21:25:47 +0800

refering to this engine oil, is it suitable for kancil 850 (M) stock engine. i read its ad. it was tested on V8 engines. so juz wanna know if its only for high performance car? wat bout the price?

need some explanation

zilole9729 — Mon, 10 Nov 2008 00:57:39 +0800

this is my prob, when my engine is cold n when i start my car, my rpm moves right up to 2k. then after 5 minutes or more, it comes down to the normal reading. is this normal? i dont think so. other cars r not like this. mechs told me to adjust the timing but its still the same even after i adjust. what cud b the prob? it gets so high that i can drive up to third gear slowly without accelerating. can u imagine? now, its not really a big deal, i believe. but i alwiz think that my engine is cold, so i let it warm up n let the rpm reading come down, but it happens to often. somebody pls help........

What really is the cause?

zilole9729 — Sun, 09 Nov 2008 21:15:40 +0800

usually, when i start my car in the engine is cold, i find that my rpm goes up to 2k. after bout 5 minutes or more, it starts to come down slowly to its usual reading? wats the cause? i juz wait for it to come down, n then only i start moving. if i dont wait, i cant change until 3rd gear n drive at a low speed. imagine how high the rpm is. i m getting fed up with this. even the mechs dont know y. they say adjust tuning. tried that oso. still the same.

Classes of Amplifiers

zilole9729 — Sat, 08 Nov 2008 12:26:26 +0800

I had no knowledge on the classes of amplifiers until i read this article from Amplifiers Basics. For those of u who know nothing about this, this article would be quite helpful. I don't fully rely on sources from the Internet. So, i would appreciate if some of u would drop in some comments on how far is this article true.

"Amplifiers do not actually increase the strength of an electronic signal. What happens instead, the signal is copied and enlarged. There are different schemes for amplifying the signal. There are different classes of amplifiers. These classes are A, AB, and C. There have been some special classes such as G, created by Hatachi. Class H created by Soundcraftsman. Class D for the so-called digital amps and Class T for Tripath's digital amplifiers.

Class A amplifiers use one or more transistors that conduct during both the positive and negative cycles of the signal. This Class of amplifier has the lowest distortion but it is very inefficient and generates a lot of heat. A Class A amplifier requires that the amplifier generate the full current no matter what the output is. If you were simply listening to FM or watching a movie, the amplifier would be consuming as much power as if you had it turned up to full volume.

In order to increase efficiency, Class B amplifiers use one transistor to conduct the positive portion of the waveform and another transistor to conduct the negative portion of the waveform. 99% of all audio amplifiers today are Class B. Class B amplifier can be built today so that its distortions are well below what the human ear can detect and nearly to the point where it is unmeasurable.

Many amplifiers call themselves Class A/B. In reality, very few are. Early Class B amplifiers had a problem known as switching delay. In a class B design, a transistor works 50% of the cycle while another transistor works 50% of the cycle. In early class B amplifiers, there was a distortion created between the time the devices were switching back and forth. Some people referred to this distortion as notch distortion because there was a notch appearance on an oscilloscope between the two waveforms.

Class A/B was created to leave the transistor conducting while the second transistor was conducting. This created an overlap between the two signals. The problem with this approach is that it created its own distortion called gumming. This means that the signal would get a little fatter where the two devices were both conduction.

Today, if you look at a properly designed Class B amplifier on a scope, you will see no switching distortion.

Class D amps are sometimes called digital amplifiers. There is really no such thing today as a digital amplifier. A Class D amplifier uses transistors that are either switched on or off to represent positive or negative values. The transistors are either on or off. The advantage of such a system is that it is highly efficient and generates very little heat. The disadvantage is that there can be a distortion caused between the switching of the positive and negative transistors as the positive and negative transistors can not be on at the same time.

Many Class D amplifiers are finding their way into Subwoofers. They are inexpensive to build and the logic is that the switching distortion is not important in a subwoofer.

Class T amps are a more refined switching amplifier developed by Tripath. It uses signal processing to eliminate the switching distortion of Class D. nOrh is currently working with parts from Tripath to determine the sonic merits using the Tripath parts. Our current view is that advantage to using Class T and Class D amps is not to achieve better sound than can currently be achieved with standard A or A/B amplifiers. Rather it is an attempt to create a lower priced amplifier that offers good performance."

(Source: http://www.norh.com/docs/amps/)

LYN Seremban Fast & Furious

zilole9729 — Wed, 05 Nov 2008 19:26:18 +0800

Planning to have our very own TT anytime soon.. Hope members here can suggest a date, venue n time.

Calling all lyn forumers from seremban. the purpose of this thread is to discuss wat v can do to our cars here in seremban. talk bout the shops available n ur experiences there. recommended shops for performance, ice n others. i know we dont have much to talk here cuz seremban is juz a small town with not many shops to talk bout. but besides that, maybe v can meet up n do other stuff. y is alwiz in kl or elsewhere? even in kuantan there is smtg like this i belif. i m sure all of u from seremban will come in n do stuff. cheers!!

Members:

» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «

if i missed any of u, pls do let me know. i will update the member list as frequent as possible.

Rims, rims, rims...

zilole9729 — Wed, 05 Nov 2008 11:05:02 +0800

since rims r one of the most important thing to give the looks of the car, i suggest that this thread should be used to discuss bout rims.

wat is that pcd thing? got pcd 100 n 11X all. but i dunno what is that. i think it has smtg to do with the holes to fit cars rite? how to know the difference when they give the code or number? whats the code for kancil rims? any idea wats the code for 83 accord rims?

avaiable paint options

zilole9729 — Mon, 03 Nov 2008 18:25:39 +0800

welcoming all lyn forumers. i m planning to paint my car. the problem is i cant decide what colour would be nice for my kancil. i know most of u would say its my choice but the prob is i cant get the colour i want in the charts that the paint shops have. went to many in seremban n kl but all they have is the same, usual colours. i want something different. u know anywhere i can have a look? prefer to have a look on the internet. pls gimme the link. btw, what paint do u call that has 2 or 3 different colours whenu look at it from different angles? thanx.......

Worst and best car audio brands?

zilole9729 — Sat, 01 Nov 2008 08:13:18 +0800

While i was surfing the net to get some info on which brands to choose for my car ICE since i am still a noob. I realised that there are too many different brands to choose from and dont know how each brand would deliver. I m sure many of us here face this prob. I know some say that u hv to test n c which 1 u like or suits u best. I agree with this statement as well. But dont u think it will be almost impossible to actually test each brand.

So, i found a list of brands that fall under 4 different categories. How far its true, i really dont know. Plus, i belif the people from this forum are not from Malaysia. So, their opinions might be different than ours since the products they get there could be different that what er get here. Correct me if i m wrong. So, i hope all of us here could use this as a guideline only. We would also love to hear your experiences using certain brands. Some brands mentioned here may not be available here. N some brands may have been missed out. I'll keep updating the list based on your experiences. So, tell me which category does the brand fall in.

Ok. Before i start, let me remind u that this is not based on my own research. I found it on the net.

So, the 4 categories are:

Horrible brands - avoid these brands at all cost, they are a total waste of money.

Entry level brands - good for the first time car audio enthusiasts, you get a great sound for a cheap price.

High quality brands - these are more expensive than entry level, but not ridiculously expensive, since you get execellent sound that will be louder/cleaner than entry level brands.

Competition brands - these brands are the mother of all brands, prices are very expensive but if you can afford it, these are the brands that win sound competitions at car shows.

HU = Head Units
A = Amps
SW = Subs
Sp = Mids/Highs
M = Multimedia
All = Entire Line

Stay Away

American Pro (All)
Audiobank (All)
Blackmore Mobile Electronics (All)
Blitz (All)
DHD (All)
Diesel Audio (All)
Kenford (All)
Kole Audio (All)
Legacy (All)
Majestic (All)
Performance Teknique (All)
Phase Linear (All)
Pyle (All)
Pyramid (All)
Rockwood (All)
Sherwood (All)
SPL (all)
Solid Audio (All)
Sound Storm (All)
Street Edge (All)
Ultra Linear (All)
XFile Audio (All)

Entry Level

Alphasonik (All)
Alto Mobile USA (All)
Alumapro (All)
Ample Audio (All)
Audiobahn (All)
Audiopipe (All)
Audiovox (All)
Autotek "SS Series" (All)
Bazooka (All)
Blaupunkt (All)
Boss (All)
Bostwick (All)
Cadence ("All" tough decision just shy of high quality)
Cerwin Vega ("All" except Strokers which go in Comp')
Clarion (A, SW, Sp)
Clif Designs (All)
Concept (All)
Coustic (All)
Crossfire "P Series" (SW)
Crunch (All)
Cutting Edge Audio (All)
DB Drive (All)
Diablo Audio (All)
Digital Audio (All)
Dual (All)
Dub Mag Audio (All)
Elevation Audio ("All" except EX Series (SW) which go in Comp)
Emerson (All)
Harrison Labs (All)
Hifonics "Zues Series and lower" (All)
Hollywood Sound Intl. Corp (All)
Infinity (All)
Interfire (All)
JBL ("All" except ??? Series which go in Comp')
Jensen (All)
JVC (All)
Kenwood ("All" except Excelon series which go in HQ)
Kicker "Comp/Comp VR" (SW) "RS Series and under" (Sp)
Kove Audio (All)
Lanzar ("All' except Opti Drive series which go in HQ)
Lightning Audio (All)
MA Audio ("All" except larger/upper model HK Series amps which go in HQ)
Matrxx Audio (All)
MB Quart (SW)
Memphis "PR Series" (All)
MTX ("All" except 9500 Series (SW) which go in HQ)
Niche Audio (All)
Phoenix Gold (SW)
Pioneer (SW,Sp,A)
Planet Audio (All)
Polk Audio (All)
Power Acoustik (All)
Powerbase (All)
Profile (All)
Rockford Fosgate ("All" except Power Series which go in HQ)
Sanyo (All)
Scosche (All)
Sony (All)
SoundStream (All)
Swiss Audio (All)
US Acoustics (All)
Visonik (All)
Xsite (All)

High Quality

A/D/S/ (All)
Adire Audio (All)
Alpine (All)
American Bass (All)
Ascendant Audio (All)
AudioControl (All)
Audison (All)
Avionixx (All)
Boston Acoustics (All)
Brax (All)
CDT Audio (All)
Clarion (HU, M)
Critical Mass (All)
Crossfire "W Series" (SW) "VR Series" (A)
Crystal (All)
Diamond Audio (All)
Directed (All)
DLS (All)
Dynaudio (All)
Earthquake (All)
Elemental Designs (All)
Eclipse (All)
Focal (All)
Fusion (All)
Genesis (All)
Helix (All)
Hifonics "Brutus Series" (All)
Image Dynamics (All)
Incriminator Audio (All)
JL Audio ("All" except lower W series (SW) which go in Entry)
Kenwood "Excelon series" (All)
Kicker "KX/SX Series" (A) "L5/L7" (SW) "SS Series" (Sp)
Lanzar "Opti Drive" (A)
MA Audio "HK2000/HK4000" (A)
Massive Audio (All)
MB Quart (Sp)
McIntosh (All)
Memphis (MC Series) (All)
Milbert (All)
Morel (All)
MTX "9500 Series" (SW)
Nakamichi (All)
Orion (A,SW,Sp)
OZ Audio (All)
PHD Audiophile Sound System (All)
Phase Evolution (All)
Phoenix Gold (A)
Pioneer (HU,M)
Powerbass USA (All)
Precision Power (All)
QAS (All)
RE Audio ("All" except MT Series (SW) which go in Comp)
Rockford Fosgate "Power Series" (SW,A)
Seas Lotus (All)
Sinfoni (All)
Treo Engineering (All)
TRU Technology (All)
Tube Driver Blue (All)
US Amps (All)
Xtant (All)
Zapco (All)

Competition

Alpine F1 (All)
Atomic (SW,A)
Autotek "MM Series" (All)
Cerwin Vega "Stroker" (SW)
Digital Designs (All)
Elevation Audio EX Series (SW)
Hifonics "XX Series" (All)
JBL "JBL/Crown Series" (A) "G TI Series" (SW)
Kicker "Solo X" (SW)
MMats Professional Audio (All)
MTX RFL (SW)
Pioneer TS-W5000SPL (SW)
Rainbow (All)
RE Audio "MT Series" (SW)
Team RF (SW)